Akhenaten Heretic and Pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt

Akhenaten (ca. 1379–1336 BCE) was one of the last pharaohs of the 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom Egypt, who is known for briefly establishing monotheism in the country. Akhenaten drastically revised the religious and political structure of Egypt, developed new art and architectural styles, and generally caused great chaos during the Middle Bronze Age.   Fast Facts: Akhenaten Known For: Egyptian pharaoh who briefly established monotheismAlso Called: Amenhotep IV, Amenophis IV, Ikhnaten, Osiris Neferkheprure-waenre, NapkhureyaBorn: ca. 1379 BCEParents: Amenhotep (Amenophis in Greek) III and Tiye (Tiy, Tiyi)  Died: ca. 1336 BCERuled: ca. 1353–1337 BCE, Middle Bronze Age,18th Dynasty New KingdomEducation: Several tutors, including ParenneferMonuments: Akhetaten (the capital city of Amarna), KV-55, where he was buriedSpouses: Nefertiti (1550–1295 BCE), Kiya Monkey, the Younger Lady, two of his daughtersChildren: Six daughters by Nefertiti, including Meritaten and Ankhesenpaaten; perhaps three sons by the Younger Lady, including Tutankhamun Early Life   Akhenaten was born as Amenhotep IV (in Greek Amenophis IV) in the 7th or 8th year of his fathers reign (ca. 1379 BCE). He was the second son to Amenhotep III (ruled ca. 1386 to 1350 BCE) and his primary wife Tiy. Little is known about his life as a crown prince. Brought up in the palace, he would likely have been assigned retainers to educate him. Tutors may have included the Egyptian high priest Parennefer (Wennefer); his uncle, the Heliopolitan priest Aanen; and the builder and architect known as Amenhotep son of Hapu. He was raised at the palace complex at Malqata, where he had his own apartments. Amenhotep IIIs heir was to be his eldest son, Thutmosis, but when he died unexpectedly, Amenhotep IV was made heir and at one point co-regent to his father for perhaps the last two or three years of his reign.   Early Regnal Years   Amenhotep IV likely ascended to the throne of Egypt as a teenager. There is some evidence that he took the legendary beauty Nefertiti as a consort while he was co-king, although she is not acknowledged as queen until after Amenhotep IV began his transformation. They had six daughters but no sons; the oldest, Meritaten and Ankhesenpaaten, were to become wives of their father.   During his first regnal year, Amenhotep IV ruled from Thebes, the traditional seat of power in Egypt, and remained there for five years, calling it the southern Heliopolis, the first great seat of Re. His father had built his authority on the basis of being a divine representative of Re, the Egyptian sun god. Amenhotep IV continued that practice, but his attention was focused primarily on his connection to Re-Horakhty (Horus of the two horizons or God of the East), an aspect of Re.   The Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (18th dynasty) and his family on the balcony of his palace. The pharaoh submits gifts from the sun to the priest Ai and his wife. Wood engraving, published in 1879. ZU_09 / Getty Images Changes to Come: The First Jubilee   Beginning with the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom, pharaohs held sed festivals, over-the-top parties of eating, drinking, and dancing that were jubilees of kingly renewal. Neighboring kings in the Mediterranean were invited, as were nobles and the general populace. Normally, but by no means always, kings held their first jubilee after they had ruled 30 years. Amenhotep III celebrated three, beginning with his 30th year as pharaoh. Amenhotep IV broke with tradition and held his first sed festival in his second or third year as pharaoh.   To prepare for the jubilee, Amenhotep IV began building a huge number of temples, including several near the ancient temple of Karnak. There were so many temples required that Amenhotep IVs architects invented a new building style to speed things up, using smaller blocks (talatats). The largest temple Amenhotep IV built at Karnak was Gemetpaaten (the Aten is Found), built perhaps as early as the second year of his reign. It had several royal greater-than-lifesized statues made in a new art style, located north of the temple of Amun, and near a mudbrick palace for the king. Amenhoteps jubilee didnt celebrate Amun, Ptah, Thoth, or Osiris; there was only one god represented: Re, the sun god. Further, Res representation—a falcon-headed god—disappeared to be replaced by a new form called Aten, a solar disc extending rays of light ending in curved hands bearing gifts to the king and queen.   Art and Imagery Akhenaten and Nefertiti worship the Aten, Tall al-Amarnah (Amarna, Tell el-Amarna), necropolis, detail of stele, relief. G Sioen / De Agostini Picture Library / Getty Images The first changes in the artistic representation of the king and Nefertiti began early in his reign. At first, the figures are modeled true to life in a way never seen in Egyptian art before. Later, the faces of both he and Nefertiti are drawn down, their limbs thin and elongated and their bodies bloated.   Scholars have debated the reasons for this peculiar almost other-worldly representations, but perhaps the figures represent Akhenatens notions of the infusion of light brought from the solar disk into the bodies of the king and queen. Certainly the 35-year-old skeleton found in Akhenatens tomb KV-55 does not have the physical deformities illustrated in Akhenatens depictions.  Ã‚   True Revolution   The fourth temple built at Karnak in the 4th year of his reign, called Hutbenben the Temple of the benben stone, is the earliest example of the revolutionary style of the new pharaoh. On its walls were pictured the transformation of Amenophis III to the godly sphere, and the renaming of his son from  Amenophis (the god Amun is content) to Akhenaten (he who is effective on the Atens behalf.   Akhnaten soon relocated with 20,000 people to a new capital city, named Akhetaten (and known to archaeologists as Amarna), while it was still under construction. The new city would be dedicated to Aten and built far from the capitals of Thebes and Memphis.   Ruins of Pharaoh Akhenatons capital Tell el-Amarna (Akhetaten). New Kingdom, 18th Dynasty. G. Sioen / Getty Images The temples there had gateways to keep out the masses, hundreds of altars open to the air and no roofs over the sanctuary—visiting dignitaries complained about having to stand in the sun for a long time. In one of the surrounding walls was cut the Window of Appearances, where Akhenaten and Nefertiti could be seen by his people.   The religious beliefs espoused by Akhenaten are not described anywhere, except that the god is far away, radiant, untouchable. Aten created and fashioned the cosmos, authorized life, created people and languages and light and dark. Akhenaten attempted to abolish most of the complex mythology of the solar cycle—no longer was it a nightly struggle against the forces of evil, nor were there explanations for the existence of sorrow and evil in the world.   As a replacement for a 2,000-year-old tradition, Akhenatens religion lacked some important underpinnings, in particular, an afterlife. Instead of having a detailed pathway for people to follow, shepherded by Osiris, people could only hope to be reawakened in the morning, to bask in the suns rays. Extremism on the Nile Akhenatens revolution became ugly as time progressed. He demanded more and more temples to be built as rapidly as possible—the South Cemetery at Amarna contains the remains of children whose bones show evidence of hard physical labor. He demoted the Theban gods (Amun, Mut, and Khonsu), had their temples dismantled, and killed or sent away the priests. By the 12th year of his reign, Nefertiti disappeared—some scholars believe she became the new co-king, Ankhheperure Neferneferuaten. The next year, two of their daughters died, and his mother Queen Tiy died in the 14th year. Egypt suffered a devastating military loss, losing its territories in Syria. And the same year, Akhenaten became a true fanatic.   Ignoring the foreign political losses, Akhenaten instead sent out his agents bearing chisels and orders to destroy all carved references to Amun and Mut, even if they were carved on granite stele many stories above the ground, even if they were small hand-held personal items, even if they were used to spell Amenhotep IIIs name. A total eclipse occurred on May 14, 1338 BCE, and it lasted for over six minutes, which must have seemed an omen of displeasure from the kings chosen parent. Death and Legacy After a brutal reign of 17 years, Akhenaten died and his successor—who may have been Nefertiti—immediately but slowly began dismantling the physical elements of Akhenatens religion. His son Tutankhamun (ruled ca. 1334–1325, a child of the consort known as the Younger Wife) and the earliest 19th dynasty pharaohs led by Horemheb (ruled ca. 1392–1292 BCE) continued to tear down the temples, chisel out Akhenatens name, and bring back the old traditional forms of belief. Although there is no recorded dissension or push back from the people while the king lived, once he was gone, everything was disassembled. Sources and Further Reading Cooney, Kara. When Women Ruled the World, Six Queens of Egypt. Washington DC: National Geographic Partners, 2018. Print.Kemp, Barry J., et al. Life, Death and Beyond in Akhenatens Egypt: Excavating the South Tombs Cemetery at Amarna. Antiquity 87.335 (2013): 64–78. Print.Redford, Donald B. Akhenaten: New Theories and Old Facts. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 369 (2013): 9–34. Print.Reeves, Nicholas. Akhenaten: Egypts False Prophet. Thames and Hudson, 2019. Print.Rose, Mark. Whos in Tomb 55? Archaeology 55.2 (2002): 22–27. Print.Shaw, Ian, ed. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Print.Strouhal, Eugen. Biological Age of Skeletonized Mummy from Tomb KV 55 at Thebes. Anthropologie 48.2 (2010): 97–112. Print.

The Internet Is Not The Best Place For A Woman Essay

Even in the supposedly opened minded and PC time of 2016, the internet is still not the best place to be for a woman. From rape threats on Twitter, public shaming on Facebook, and overall female hate found in the dark corners of the internet, we have a long way to go in terms of gender equality. Despite this, all hope is not lost. The internet giveth and the internet taketh away. For every website that sends feminism progress back a few decades, there is one that empowers the movement even more. Weeding through this junk is tough. Not to mention depressing. Hence, here are 10 feminist sites to get you started. 1. FEMINIST.COM Feminist.com had humble beginnings in 1995 from a few women talking around a kitchen table in New York City. Seems like an episode of Seinfeld, yet it s anything but. Since then, founder Gloria Steinheim created one of the most popular resources a feminist can find. The constantly growing website has a wealth of fresh columns, contributors, and spinoff sites. 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To Apply The Moral Theory To Janice’S Case, We Must Consider

To apply the moral theory to Janice’s case, we must consider the possible actions the physician can take and find the utility of them both. Then, we can determine which action the physician is morally obligated to do. There really are only two actions that the physician can perform: administer the life-ending drug, or not administer the life ending drug. If the drug is administered, Janice will die. Her pain will end, and before she dies, she will feel some pleasure that the physician is carrying out her wishes and that she will no longer need to be a burden to her family, but some sadness (pain) to have to leave her family behind . The physician, having to perform this operation, feels pleased to follow Janice’s wishes and see her out of†¦show more content†¦In Classical Act Utilitarianism, because actions that produce as much utility as any other are obligatory, the physician is obligated to end Janice’s life. This ultimate conclusion is incredibly st rong—too strong perhaps for some to conclude that Act Utilitarianism came up with the right verdict. An alternative is Rule Consequentialism. The basic idea of Rule Consequentialism is that what is morally right is based on how the action stands to an ideal code of rules. The Theory of Right Conduct states â€Å"an action A is right if and only if (and because) A is not prohibited by an ideal code of rules.† A wrong action, then, would be prohibited by said code (155). An ideal rule is a rule that if it were accepted by most of society would produce as much intrinsic value as any other rule would. This value is called ‘acceptance value.’ To remain consistent, we will consider value hedonism when analyzing Rule Consequentialism, though it is important to note that a different system of value would be inputted if it would produce more benefits to society than hedonism would. Considering hedonism though, the acceptance value of a rule is the amount of pleasure and pain that rule would bring if a large portion of society accepted it. The ideal code needs to be made up of rules that would result in as highShow MoreRelatedDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesUnderstanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involv ing Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics 90

Define Difference And Inequality free essay sample

Define difference and inequality Deference as per the dictionary definition would convey the points of dissimilarity for example the observational differences between men and women, however difference in the social sciences and humanistic context, deference contrasts, social groupings such as the different nationalities, gender, class, age or sexuality 1 However deference is not limited to these alone It may take the form of the attitudes and preferences held by individuals. Distinction however, needs to be made between preference and inequality In the social sciences context.Inequality bears reference to a disparity or variation between the distributions of valued resources within a community or between communities. This can be characterized as access to educational, financial, employment, and cultural, legal, resources. Access to such resources may be a different experience for the different represented groups In a community. 2. Example of difference and inequality. Difference A Hall grocery store on the busy high street may be used by different costumers as Tests. We will write a custom essay sample on Define Difference And Inequality or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The Mackintosh Centre or Exquisite Africa we see different ethnic groups.Old and young people on the same street are different by what they wearing. Inequality unequal income distribution between the richer and poorer individuals in a society will create inequality in resources they have access to for instance low income individuals will have access to food bank with no choice of variety, however the higher income individuals will be able to choose where they shop and they will be able to determine what level of quality the purchase. References Blakeley, G. ND Staples, M. The life and times of the street Blakeley, G. ND Allen, J. Understanding Social Lives, part 1, The Open Multiversity The Open university (AAA) The life and Times of the Street: part 1 , DADDY content/view. PH? Id=443760=2. 3 (Accessed 10 March 2014). Self-reflection To start to study again after so long time I was full with enthusiasm and fear. I find it interesting the topics to learn so much about peoples life, what is making the differences between them. Also I find difficult to explain the things which was so simple for reading.